Imagery and Text by Sadoski Mark. Paivio Allan

Author:Sadoski, Mark.,Paivio, Allan.
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd

DCT AND CONTEMPORARY THEORIES OF THE READING PROCESS

DCT is an overall theory of cognition that encompasses all the phenomena covered by theories designed more specifically for the reading process. Contemporary theories of the reading process are interactive. Although articles and textbooks in the field often categorize theories as bottom-up, top-down, and interactive, such a categorization derives from the type of processing emphasized by a theory and can be misleading.

Purely bottom-up theories of the reading process have been proposed (e.g., Gough, 1972; LaBerge & Samuels, 1974), but have been subsequently discounted (e.g., Gough, 1985) or modified to render them interactive (e.g., Samuels, 1977). These bottom-up theories held reading to be a serial process beginning with graphic input from the page, visual encoding, and phonological receding of the visual encoding, before any higher order processes such as syntactic and semantic interpretations occurred. Considerable evidence from eye movement research (e.g., Just & Carpenter, 1980; Paulson & Goodman, 1999; Rayner, 1997; Rayner & Pollatsek, 1989), neurophysiological studies of reading (e.g., Holcomb et al., 1999; Kounios & Holcomb, 1994; Kutas, 1993; Van Petten, 1993; West et al., 1998), as well as behavioral studies (e.g., Rumelhart, 1977), has rendered such an approach untenable, primarily because higher-order processes have been shown to affect lower order processes.

Interactive theories maintain that processing at one level of analysis can affect processing at another level, so that top-down processes can affect bottom-up processes and vice versa. Thus, how we respond to print is influenced by prior knowledge of language, prior knowledge of the content of the text, situational contexts associated with the reading, and the context arising from previously interpreted parts of the text, as well as the print itself. In the following sections, we will show how DCT explains bottom-up and top-down phenomena in the reading process.

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